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CES Safety and Research

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CES Sleep Studies Completed - Past 43 Years
|
Study Design |
Zr Scorea |
No. Subjects |
Measure Usedb |
Reference |
|
Double Blind |
.388 |
27 |
EEG, Clinician’s Rating |
1 |
|
Double Blind |
.908 |
30 |
Self Rating Scale |
2 |
|
Double Blind |
.875 |
60 |
Self Rating Scale |
3 |
|
Double Blind |
.590 |
18 |
Clinician’s Rating |
4 |
|
Double Blind |
.448 |
21 |
Self Rating Scale |
5 |
|
Double Blind |
1.127 |
22 |
Clinician’s Rating |
6 |
|
Double Blind |
1.528 |
10 |
EEG, Self Rating Scale |
7 |
|
Totals |
5.864 |
188 |
|
|
|
Average |
.838 |
|
|
|
|
Effect Sizec |
r = .69 |
|
|
|
|
Single Blind |
1.650 |
28 |
PRN Sleep Meds |
8 |
|
Single Blind |
.448 |
28 |
Clinician’s Rating |
9 |
|
Single Blind |
.693 |
18 |
Clinician’s Rating |
10 |
|
Totals |
2.791 |
74 |
|
|
|
Average |
.930 |
|
|
|
|
Effect Size |
r =.73 |
|
|
|
|
Crossover |
.678 |
19 |
Clinician’s Rating |
11 |
|
Crossover |
.343 |
34 |
Self Rating Scale |
12 |
|
Crossover |
.343 |
34 |
Clinician’s Rating |
13 |
|
Totals |
1.364 |
87 |
|
|
|
Average |
.455 |
|
|
|
|
Effect Size |
r =.43 |
|
|
|
|
Open Clinical |
.511 |
28 |
Clinician’s Rating |
14 |
|
Open Clinical |
.633 |
186 |
Self Rating Scale |
15 |
|
Open Clinical |
.549 |
9 |
Clinician’s Rating |
16 |
|
Open Clinical |
1.071 |
20 |
Self Rating Scale |
17 |
|
Open Clinical |
.590 |
56 |
Self Rating Scale |
18 |
|
Totals |
3.335 |
299 |
|
|
|
Average |
.671 |
|
|
|
|
Effect Size |
r =.59 |
|
|
|
|
SUMMARY, ALL SLEEP STUDIES REPORTED ABOVE |
||||
|
Grand Total |
13.354 |
648 |
|
|
|
Average |
.724 |
|
|
|
|
Total Effect Size |
r =.62 |
|
|
|
Since percent improvement scores can not legally be averaged, they are converted into Zr scores, averaged, and then converted back to percent improvement (effect size.)
Most of the rating scales, both by the patients and the clinicians were of published reliability and validity, though some were Likert Scales with face validity and assumed test-retest reliability, since the error variance within each patient was assumed to be relatively constant, and therefore carry over between pre and post testing.
Effect size, here, is a statistician’s basic estimate of the overall percentage improvement by the patients as a result of the treatment .
Video Testimonials
Customer Testimonials |
Dr. Jonathan Douglas – Psychologist says:
For the past three years, I have been using Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) in my psychology practice. Since the Sleep Genie became available, I have used it with most of my patients. Many of them have been so impressed with the results they have obtained in my office...